An approach to characterization of the agricultural self-propelled machines stability

This paper presents an analytical algorithm with appropriate software specified for the approximation of the allowed critical slope of the solid flat terrain that guarantees static and/or dynamic stability of the specified self-propelled agricultural machines and their aggregates. This algorithm assumes machine as a rigid body, having 3 or 4 contact points (defined by wheels or crawlers), under uniform motion at different constant velocities and radii of curvature trajectories. Using this algorithm, based on the principles of theoretical mechanics combined with 3D analytical geometry, the computer program SSPM (stability of the self-propelled agricultural machines) has been coded. This software is intended to facilitate the analysis, comparison and optimization of different configurations of self-propelled agricultural machines in operation on horizontal and sloped flat terrains at constant velocities and radii of trajectory with respect to their static and dynamic stability. It calculates critical pitch and roll angles of the self-propelled machine and the maximum allowed slope of the flat terrain under the given conditions. The algorithm and the appropriate SSPM software were experimentally verified using the platform and low-scale tractor model. Average difference between calculated and experimental critical values of roll and pitch angles were about 4°     

Limit theorems for a class of critical superprocesses with stable branching

We consider a critical superprocess $\{X;{\mathbf{P}}_{\mu }\}$ with general spatial motion and spatially dependent stable branching mechanism with lowest stable index ${\gamma }_0>1$. We first show that, under some conditions, ${\mathbf{P}}_{\mu }(\left|X_t\right|\ne 0)$ converges to 0 as $t\to \infty$ and is regularly varying with index ${({\gamma }_0-1)}^{-1}$. Then we show that, for a large class of non-negative testing functions $f$, the distribution of $\{X_t\left(f\right);{\mathbf{P}}_{\mu }\left(\cdot \right|6X_{t}6\ne 0)\}$, after appropriate rescaling, converges weakly to a positive random variable ${\mathbf{z}}^{({\gamma }_0-1)}$ with Laplace transform $E\left[e^{-u{\mathbf{z}}^{({\gamma }_0-1)}}\right]=1-{(1+u^{-({\gamma }_0-1)})}^{-1∕({\gamma }_0-1)}.$     

Thermally induced solid-state transformation of cimetidine. A multi-spectroscopic/chemometrics determination of the kinetics of the process and structural elucidation of one of the products as a stable N3-enamino tautomer

Exposure of cimetidine (CIM) to dry heat (160–180 °C) afforded, upon cooling, a glassy solid containing new and hitherto unknown products. The kinetics of this process was studied by a second order chemometrics-assisted multi-spectroscopic approach. Proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopic data were jointly used, whereas multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was employed as the chemometrics method to extract process information. It was established that drug degradation follows a first order kinetics.     

Rational Design of an Air-Stable,High-Spin Diradical with Diazapyrene

Stable carbon-based polyradicals exhibiting strong spin-spin coupling and slow depolarization processes are particularly attractive functional materials. A new molecular motif synthesized by a convenient method that allows the integration of stable, high-spin radicals to (hetero)aromatic polycycles has been developed, as illustrated by a non-Kekulé diradical showing a triplet ground state with long persistency (τ_1/2≈31 h) in air. Compared to the widely used 1,3-phenylene, the newly designed (diaza)pyrene-4,10-diyl moiety is for the first time demonstrated to confer ferromagnetic (FM) spin coupling, allowing delocalized non-disjoint SOMOs. With the X-ray crystallography unambiguously proving the diradical structure, the triplet ground state was thoroughly characterized. A large ΔE_S-T of 1.1 kcal/mol, proving the strong FM coupling effect, was revealed consistently by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements and variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, while the zero-field splitting and triplet nutation characters were examined by continuous-wave and pulsed EPR spectroscopy. A millisecond spin-lattice relaxation time was also detected. The current study not only offers a new molecular motif enabling FM coupling between carbon-based spins, but more importantly presents a general method for installing stable polyradicals into functional π-systems.     

水滑石基磁性Co/Al2O3催化剂在乙酰丙酸加氢制备γ-戊内酯反应中的应用

γ-戊内酯广泛应用于食品添加剂、燃料添加剂、溶剂、汽油、柴油以及多种化工中间体的合成,由于其上游原料乙酰丙酸是重要的生物质基平台化合物已实现了工业化生产,因此发展其高效、可循环使用的催化合成新体系是近年来生物质催化转化的研究热点之一.目前使用的多相催化剂体系主要是浸渍法制备的负载型金属纳米颗粒催化剂,活性金属主要有Ru, Pd, Pt, Au, Cu, Ni等.由于乙酰丙酸制备γ-戊内酯反应是一个酸性的含水体系,在高温、高压条件下,使用浸渍法得到的催化剂特别是非贵金属催化剂容易发生活性金属的聚集、流失,从而使得催化剂重复使用的效果不佳.从非贵金属替代贵金属和提高催化剂稳定性这两点入手,本论文以水滑石为合成催化剂的单一前驱体,将非贵金属(Cu, Ni, Fe, Co)掺入到水滑石的结构骨架中,通过直接氢气焙烧还原制得了高负载量的负载型金属纳米颗粒多相催化剂.将制得的催化剂应用于乙酰丙酸加氢反应,其催化活性顺序为： Co>Ni>Cu>Fe.制备出了5种不同Co/Al比的Co基催化剂,其中4Co/Al2O3催化剂在H2(5 MPa)、180 oC条件下,显示出了类似贵金属钌催化剂的活性和选择性,乙酰丙酸在3 h内完全转化,γ-戊内酯的选择性高达99%.为了进一步了解催化剂的结构与其活性和稳定性之间的关系,我们采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD),氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR), X射线光电子能谱(XPS),透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段研究了催化剂的形貌和结构. TEM结果表明,以水滑石为前驱体制备的Co催化剂中负载的Co纳米颗粒的平均粒径在25–30 nm,而用浸渍法制备的相同负载量的Co催化剂的Co纳米颗粒粒径大于150 nm.相应的催化反应结果表明,前者的催化活性要远好于后者.水滑石前驱体的H2-TPR实验结果表明,随着Co/Al比增加,其还原峰向低温方向位移.这是由于Al含量的减少,导致金属Co离子周围键合的Al离子数量减少,从而使得Co与Al之间的作用力减弱, Co更加容易被还原.表现在还原温度上,即为还原温度降低,说明了Co纳米颗粒与载体之间具有一种强相互作用.结合TEM测试结果,正是这种强相互作用限制了Co纳米颗粒的长大,使其要远小于用浸渍法制得的Co纳米颗粒. HRTEM测试结果显示在4Co/Al2O3催化剂结构中, Co金属纳米颗粒与载体Al2O3之间存在一种核壳结构的关系, Co纳米颗粒被包埋于载体Al2O3中形成核壳结构.这种结构同样也保证了活性金属与载体之间较强的相互作用,有效地避免Co纳米颗粒在强水热、酸性条件下的聚集和流失,从而使该催化剂在循环使用四次时仍能保持优异的活性和选择性.我们进一步研究了该核壳结构形成的原因.发现催化剂在制备过程中如果先用空气高温焙烧,再用氢气还原,得到的催化剂中则没有明显的核壳结构,且Co纳米颗粒粒径在55 nm左右.相应的催化反应结果也要差于直接氢气焙烧还原得到的4Co/Al2O3催化剂.这也从侧面说明了以水滑石为前驱体制备负载型金属纳米颗粒催化剂时,其原位的限制效应在控制金属纳米颗粒的大小、稳定性方面的优越性.此外,由于该Co催化剂具有磁性特征,很容易通过磁性回收实现催化剂与反应液的分离,大大简化了催化剂的回收及产物分离过程.     

w-Stability and Clifford w-Regularity of Polynomial Rings

We investigate the transfer of w-stability and Clifford w-regularity from a domain D to the polynomial ring D[X]. We show that these two properties pass from D to D[X] when D is either integrally closed or it is Mori and w-divisorial.     

密度泛函理论研究KB_n(n=1-9)团簇的结构和性质

在密度泛函理论的框架下,采用广义梯度近似(GGA)研究了KB_n(n=1-9)团簇的基态几何结构,系统计算了平均结合能Eb、二阶能量差分△2E、劈裂能D(n,n-1)、最高占据轨道(HOMO)与最低未占据轨道(LUMO)之间的能隙,研究表明:KB_n(n=1-9)团簇,随着团簇尺寸的变化,其稳定性逐渐增强,其中KB_3和KB_5为幻数团簇;KB_n(n=1-9)团簇的能隙随团簇总原子数的增加呈现振荡变化,态密度分析得到能隙振荡变化的原因是团簇带隙的差异.